Psoriatic arthritis is a long-term condition that affects both the skin and joints. It commonly develops in people with psoriasis, a skin disorder characterised by red, scaly patches. In this condition, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own joints and surrounding tissues, causing inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness. The symptoms can vary widely, ranging from mild discomfort to severe joint damage that may affect mobility and daily activities. Psoriatic arthritis can also involve the spine, fingers, toes, and nails. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential, as they help control inflammation, reduce pain, prevent joint damage, and improve quality of life, allowing people to remain active and healthy.
Psoriatic Arthritis: Understanding the condition and its symptoms
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects both the skin and joints. It usually develops in people with psoriasis, causing red, scaly skin patches along with joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. The condition is linked to both genetic and environmental factors, with around one-third to half of patients having a family history of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Certain genes, especially those in the HLA region, make the immune system more likely to attack joints and skin. Environmental triggers like infections, stress, or injuries can also contribute. According to a study published in the NCBI Bookshelf, psoriatic arthritis can affect any joint, and its symptoms may change over time.
Symptoms
Symptoms of PsA can vary widely but commonly include:
- Joint pain and swelling – Often in fingers, toes, wrists, or knees. Joints may feel stiff, especially in the morning.
- Dactylitis – Swelling of an entire finger or toe, making it look like a “sausage digit.”
- Enthesitis – Inflammation where tendons or ligaments attach to bone, such as heels or elbows.
- Back or neck pain – When the spine is affected.
- Skin changes – Red, scaly patches typical of psoriasis.
- Nail problems – Pitting, ridging, thickening, or nails lifting from the nail bed.
- Fatigue – Persistent tiredness, even when joint pain is mild.
- Eye irritation – Redness or inflammation in some cases.
Symptoms may come and go, with periods of flares and remission.
The exact cause of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is unknown, but it usually develops due to a combination of genetic, immune, and environmental factors.1. Genetics – Having a family history of psoriasis or PsA increases the risk. Certain genes make the immune system more likely to attack joints and skin. People with close relatives affected are more susceptible, though it is not guaranteed that they will develop the disease.2. Immune system issues – PsA is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s joints and skin. This leads to inflammation, swelling, and pain. Over time, chronic inflammation can damage joints if untreated.3. Environmental triggers – Factors like joint injuries, infections, stress, obesity, or lifestyle habits can trigger PsA in genetically prone people. These triggers can start the disease or worsen existing symptoms.
Risk factors of Psoriatic Arthritis
Some factors make PsA more likely:
- Having psoriasis, especially a severe or widespread skin disease.
- Family history of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis.
- Nail psoriasis, such as pitting or thickening.
- Obesity or high body weight may worsen inflammation.
- Certain lifestyle factors, like smoking or stress.
Even if you have one or more of these risk factors, it does not mean you will definitely develop PsA.
How Psoriatic Arthritis differs from other arthritis types
PsA often affects joints asymmetrically, whereas rheumatoid arthritis tends to be symmetrical.Nail changes, dactylitis, and enthesitis are more common in PsA.Axial involvement (spine) is more typical of PsA than other forms of arthritis.
Why early diagnosis of PsA matters
Early detection and treatment of PsA are important to:
- Prevent joint damage – Long-term inflammation can erode bone and deform joints.
- Reduce pain and stiffness – Improving daily function and quality of life.
- Manage other health risks – People with PsA have a higher chance of heart problems or metabolic conditions.
Doctors diagnose PsA using a combination of physical exams, medical history, blood tests, and imaging.Psoriatic arthritis is manageable with the right care. If you notice joint pain, swelling, stiffness, or psoriasis symptoms, it is wise to consult a healthcare professional promptly. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes and help maintain a more active, comfortable life.Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional before making any changes to your diet, medication, or lifestyle.Also read | How excess sugar affects your brain and increases Alzheimer’s risk
